White Slaves, African Slave Traders, and the Hidden History of Slavery



References


[1] C.S. Everett. "Reparations", http://hnn.us/comments/2062.html
L.E. Salazar. "Barbados and the Melungeons of Appalachia", http://www.multiracial.com/readers/salazar.html

[3] Kevin Alfred Strom. "The Truth About Slavery", http://www.natvan.com/american-dissident-voices/adv040293.html
American Dissident Voices (National Vanguard Books). "The Truth About Slavery", http://home.ddc.net/ygg/ot/ot-07.htm

[4] Johann Wingard. "The Vilakazi Renaissance", http://www.praag.org/opstelle25.htm

[5] Dr. William Pierce. "Slavery and Race" (Free Speech - November 1997 - Volume III, Number 11), http://www.natvan.com/free-speech/fs9711c.html

[6] "American Civil War Census Data ", http://www.civil-war.net/census.asp?census=Total

[7] Philip Burnham. "Selling Poor Steven" (abstract of the article "Selling Poor Steven" from the February/March 1993 issue of American Heritage, p.90-), http://www.philburnham.com/selling.html
Robert M. Grooms. "Dixie's Censored Subject: Black Slaveowners", http://www.americancivilwar.com/authors/black_slaveowners.htm

See also the section in this document regarding "Black slave owners".

[8] Regarding application of the White Guilt Complex, see:
Elizabeth Wright. "Blaming Whitey", http://amconmag.com/2004_05_10/review.html

[10] "As Many as 27 Million Forced Into Slavery Worldwide", http://www.overpopulation.com/articles/2002/000062.html
"Millions 'forced into slavery'", http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/2010401.stm

[11] NGO Group for the Convention on the Rights of the Child. "Database of NGO Reports presented to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child", http://www.crin.org/docs/resources/treaties/crc.23/India_HRW_NGO_Report.pdf

[12] Salim Muwakkil. "African Slavery and Its Denial by Blacks" (republished from the Chicago Tribune, 7 May 2001), http://www.commondreams.org/views01/0507-03.htm

[13] Salim Muwakkil. "African Slavery and Its Denial by Blacks" (republished from the Chicago Tribune, 7 May 2001), http://www.commondreams.org/views01/0507-03.htm

[14] Serge Trifkovic. "Islam's Wretched Record on Slavery", http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=4686("Another in a series of excerpts adapted by Robert Locke from Dr. Serge Trifkovic's new book The Sword of the Prophet: A Politically-Incorrect Guide to Islam")

[15] "Slavery and Servitude: The years of slavery since ~3500 BC - 1619 - Present", http://franklaughter.tripod.com/cgi-bin/histprof/misc/slavery1.html

[16] Michael Hoffman II, They Were White and They Were Slaves; cited in: "Slavery", http://homepage.eircom.net/~odyssey/Politics/Quotes/Slavery.html
"Slavery ...until the end of time", http://www.issues-views.com/index.php/sect/1006/article/1092

[17] Christopher Tyerman. England and the Crusades 1095-1588. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1988, p. 236-237.
"Slavery and Servitude: The years of slavery since ~3500 BC - 1619 - Present", http://franklaughter.tripod.com/cgi-bin/histprof/misc/slavery1.html

[18] "Slavery and Servitude: The years of slavery since ~3500 BC - 1619 - Present", http://franklaughter.tripod.com/cgi-bin/histprof/misc/slavery1.html

[19] "Slavery" (article), in Philosophical Dictionary; cited in: "Christianism - Addition 24", http://www.christianism.com/additions/24.html

[21] "Exploration and the Beginning of the Slave Trade", http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConNarrative.98&chapterId=557

[22] "Exploration and the Beginning of the Slave Trade", http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConNarrative.98&chapterId=557

[23] "Exploration and the Beginning of the Slave Trade", http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConNarrative.98&chapterId=557
"Slavery and Servitude:
The years of slavery since ~3500 BC - 1619 - Present", http://franklaughter.tripod.com/cgi-bin/histprof/misc/slavery1.html

[24] Howard Dodson "How Slavery Helped Build a World Economy" (3 February 2003), http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/01/0131_030203_jubilee2.html

[26] Zayde Antrim. "Confronting the legacy of the African slave trade", http://www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi3/slave_2.htm

[27] Al Benson, Jr. "The Slavery Issue - More Complex Than It Seems", http://www.patriotist.com/abarch/ab20031201.htm

[29] Thomas Jackson, 1992, American Renaissance 3, x; cited in "Slavery", http://homepage.eircom.net/~odyssey/Politics/Quotes/Slavery.html

[30] "A Slave Ship Speaks: The Wreck of the Henrietta Marie", http://www.melfisher.org/henriettamarie/slavery.htm

[31] "Guilty parties" (from The Economist print edition, 23 Dec 1999), http://www.economist.com/diversions/millennium/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=347154

[32] Al Benson Jr. "Proof, I Don't Gotta Show You No Stinkin' Proof", http://www.sierratimes.com/albenson.htm
Edward J. Toner Jr. "USA: Free Blacks who owned Black Slaves", http://www.africancrisis.org/Ph_News_0678.asp
"Black Reparations Poll", http://209.157.64.200/focus/f-news/990659/posts (see posting by "B4Ranch", "To: Otis Mukinfus"); cites: "Selling Poor Steven", American Heritage Magazine, Feb/Mar 1993 (Vol. 441) p. 90.

[33] Philip Burnham. "Selling Poor Steven" (abstract of the article "Selling Poor Steven" from the February/March 1993 issue of American Heritage, p.90-), http://www.philburnham.com/selling.html

See also: "Re: Black on Black: Black American Slaveholders", http://www.africa-forum.com/newreply.php3?action=newreply&postid=5836
Edward Toner. "An Untold Black History", http://www.ahherald.com/readers_write/2003/030123_untold_history.htm

[35] Michael P. Tremoglie. "The Black Roots of Slavery", http://www.churchseek.net/church/dayspring

[36] Larry Koger. Black Slaveowners: Free Black Slave Masters in South Carolina 1790-1860, 1985, cited in: "Page 2 Politics", http://www.washingtondispatch.com/page2/archives/000353.html (see section "Posted by: lyn at July 3, 2004 01:21 AM")

See also: "Black Slaveowners " (review), http://www.sc.edu/uscpress/1995/3037.html

[37] Ingolf Vogeler. "Free Black Slaveowners in South Carolina", http://www.uwec.edu/Geography/Ivogeler/w188/south/charles/charles3.htm (cites source: Larry Koger. Black Slaveowners: Free Black Slave Masters in South Carolina, 1790-1860. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 1985)

See also: "Black Slaveowners", http://www.issues-views.com/index.php/sect/1006/article/1091

[38] John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweninger. Runaway Slaves, Rebels on the Plantation, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000; cited in: Jim Powell. "Runaway slaves!", http://www.libertystory.net/LSACTIONRUNAWAYSLAVES.htm

[39] Robert M. Grooms. "Dixie's Censored Subject: Black Slaveowners", http://www.americancivilwar.com/authors/black_slaveowners.htm
Robert M. Grooms. "Dixie's Censored Subject - Black Slave Owners", The Barnes Review, 1(13) 1995 , pp. 17-22; cited in "Reparations For Slavery: The Republican Way", http://www.discussanything.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-61477.html
"Michael P. Johnson and James L. Roark, Black Masters: A Free Family of Color in the Old South (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1984), 422 pp." (review), http://www.claytoncramer.com/blackmasters.htm

[40] Scott K. Williams. "Black Confederates Fact Page", http://www.dixieoutfitters.com/version2/blc1.html
Scott K. Williams. "On Black Confederates", http://www.37thtexas.org/html/BlkHist.html

See also:
"The Black and the Gray", http://www.37thtexas.org/html/Wshcitypaper.html
"The Black Confederate", http://www.scvcamp469-nbf.com/theblackconfederatesoldier.htm
"Black Confederates", http://www.blackconfederates.com/_wsn/page2.html
"Black Confederates", http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Feb1996/n02051996_9602053.html
"Black Confederates", http://www.mindspring.com/~redeagle/Oakwood/CSAblacks.htm
"Black Confederates", http://www.us-civilwar.com/njrebel/picket10.html
"Black Confederates and Afro-Yankees in Civil War Virginia", http://www.upress.virginia.edu/books/jordan.html
"Black Confederate Soldiers", http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/Bunker/1163/black.html
"Black Men say Rebel flag flies for freedom", http://www.geocities.com/confederateamerica/blackrebels.htm
"The Chandler Boys", http://www.37thtexas.org/html/chboys.html
"Confederates of All Colors" (internet links), http://members.aol.com/awill84810/links5.htm
"Diverse Confederates", http://www.dixieoutfitters.com/version2/divcon.html
Bob Harrison. "Just A Few Thoughts...", http://www.geocities.com/garebel942/thoughts.html
Bob Harrison. "A Letter From A Black Confederate", http://www.geocities.com/garebel942/blackconfederates.html
Patrick R. Massengill. "Black Confederates in the Civil War", http://www.geocities.com/confederateamerica/blackconfedscivilwar.htm
John Nevins. "Black Americans in the Confederate Navy & Marine Corps", http://www.navyandmarine.org/ondeck/1862blackCSN.htm
Vernon R. Padgett. "A Series of Essays by Dr. Vernon R. Padgett, PhD, California Division of Sons of Confederate Veterans", http://www.rebelgray.com/BLACKREBS.htm
"Quotations on Black Confederates", http://www.credenda.org/issues/9-1verbatim.php
Derrick Shipman. "Black Confederates in the War for Southern Independence", http://www.geocities.com/jdsreb/blackconfederates.htm
Tim Westphal. "Black Confederate Participation", http://www.stonewallbrigade.com/black_confederates.htm
"A True Black History Moment", http://www.scvcamp469-nbf.com/Blackhistorymoment.htm
Walter Williams. "Black Confederates", http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/7006/another-black-man-speaks.html
"Writings About and By Black Confederates", http://www.louisville.edu/a-s/english/subcultures/colors/teal/sdisaa01/writings.html

[41] Olga Lorenzo. "The Known World" (The Known World, by Edward P. Jones: reviewed by Olga Lorenzo), http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/06/09/1086749767116.html

[44] Thomas Jackson. American Renaissance, xi, 1995; cited in: "Slavery", http://homepage.eircom.net/~odyssey/Politics/Quotes/Slavery.html

[45] Mark Steyn. "The World Conference Against Whitey"; cited in: "Slavery", http://homepage.eircom.net/~odyssey/Politics/Quotes/Slavery.html

[46] Tunde Obadina. "Slave trade: a root of contemporary African Crisis", http://www.afbis.com/analysis/slave.htm

[47] "The Controversial Anti-Reparations Ad by David Horowitz", http://www.adversity.net/reparations/anti_reparations_ad.htm

See also: David Horowitz. "10 Reasons Why Reparations For Blacks Are A Bad Idea For Blacks And Racist, Too", http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Printable.asp?ID=1098

[48] Thomas Sowell. "History Swept Under the Rug: Only Western Civilization Put an End to Slavery", http://www.issues-views.com/index.php/sect/1006/article/1090

[51] See the various books cited in this section, as well as:
Dan Neill. "When Morocco ruled the waves" (27 June 2004, The Observer), http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/history/0,6121,1248090,00.html (re. White Gold, by Giles Milton)

[52] David Brion Davis. "Slavery - White, Black, Muslim, Christian", http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=14320

[53] Rory Carroll. "New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe" (11 March 2004, The Guardian), http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,1166720,00.html

[57] "Baepler, Paul: White Slaves, African Masters" (book review), http://www.press.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/13712.ctl

[58] Findlay Dunachie. "Slavery under Islam", http://www.samizdata.net/blog/archives/005695.html

[59] "Eunuch Archive Message Boards - Islam's Black Slaves", http://www.eunuch.org/vbulletin/archive/index.php/t-1306.html

[60] Juliet Gardiner & Neil Wenborn (editors). The History Today Companion to British History, Collins & Brown, London, 1995, p. 698.

Estimates of slaves as part of the recorded English population as recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 varies between 9% to 10%.
Juliet Gardiner & Neil Wenborn (editors). The History Today Companion to British History, p. 698.
Kenneth O. Morgan (editor). The Oxford History of Britain (revised edition), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999, p. 181.

[61] Andrew Nash. "Bristol and Slavery - Pre 17th Century Slavery", http://www.headleypark.bristol.sch.uk/slavery/background/pre17thc.htm

[63] Christopher Hibbert. The Marlboroughs: John and Sarah Churchill 1650-1744. Viking, London, 2001, p. 30-33.

[64] American Dissident Voices (National Vanguard Books). "The Truth About Slavery", http://home.ddc.net/ygg/ot/ot-07.htm

[65] David M. Kennedy, Lizabeth Cohen, Thomas A. Bailey. The American Pageant (12th Edition), chapter 4, http://www.geocities.com/theamericanpageant/ch4.html

[67] Michael Hoffman II, They Were White and They Were Slaves; cited in: "Slavery", http://homepage.eircom.net/~odyssey/Politics/Quotes/Slavery.html

[68] "Recommended Reading Synopsis" (see review of They Were White and They Were Slaves: The Untold History of the Enslavement of Whites in Early America by Michael A Hoffman II), http://rogers-ben.com/bits/reading2.htm

[69] Michael Hoffman II, They Were White and They Were Slaves; cited in: "Slavery", http://homepage.eircom.net/~odyssey/Politics/Quotes/Slavery.html

[71] "Wolfe's Lodge - Reviews - The Redneck Manifesto", http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Lofts/2110/RV_Redneck.html

[72] Robert W. Tracinski, "Apology for Slavery Will Perpetuate Racism"; cited in: "Slavery", http://homepage.eircom.net/~odyssey/Politics/Quotes/Slavery.html

[73] Robert M. Grooms. "The Johnson Family: African-American Owners of White and Black Slaves", http://www.resist.com/war_on_history/part2.htm

[74] "Convicts and the European Settlement of Australia", http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/convicts
"History and Culture: Convict", http://www.norfolkisland.com.au/HistoryAndCulture/convict.cfm

[75] A.G.L. Shaw. “Convicts and transportation”, The Australian Encyclopaedia, Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 1958 (second edition), vol. III, p. 25.

[76] "Life at Sea" (Convicts to Australia website), http://members.iinet.net.au/~perthdps/convicts/res-08.html

[77] A.G.L. Shaw. "Convicts and transportation", The Australian Encyclopaedia, 1958 (second edition), vol. III, p. 26.

[78] A.G.L. Shaw. "Convicts and transportation", The Australian Encyclopaedia, 1958 (second edition), vol. III, p. 30.

[79] A.G.L. Shaw. "Convicts and transportation", The Australian Encyclopaedia, 1958 (second edition), vol. III, p. 31.

[80] Captain Maconochie, "Thoughts on Convict Management," "The Australian Convict," from The London Quarterly Review (68) June 1841; American Edition published by Jemima M. Mason; cited in: May Lee. "Convicts in Australia", http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/landow/post/australia/convicts.html

[81] A.G.L. Shaw. "Convicts and transportation", The Australian Encyclopaedia, 1958 (second edition), vol. III, p. 28. [Some direct quoatations used].
NSW Department of Corrective Services. "The First 200 Years", http://www.dcs.nsw.gov.au/about/history.asp

[82] Constance Campbell Patrie. Tom Petrie's Reminiscences of Early Queensland. Lloyd O'Neil, Windsor, Victoria, 1980 (first published 1904), p. 242-243.

[83] A.G.L. Shaw. "Convicts and transportation", The Australian Encyclopaedia, 1958 (second edition), vol. III, p. 29.

[84] David Bentley. "Discovery and disaster", http://thecouriermail.com.au/extras/oq/book2main.html

[85] Michael A. Hoffman II. "The Forgotten Slaves: Whites in Servitude in Early America and Industrial Britain", http://www.hoffman-info.com/forgottenslaves.html

[86] Dr. Holary McD. Beckles (University of Hull, England) White Servitude, p. 71; cited in "There Were More White Slaves Than Black Slaves in Colonial America", http://www.israelect.com/reference/Willie-Martin/WhiteSlaves.html

[87] Public Record Office, London, England, High Court of Admiralty, 30:258; No. 106; cited in "There Were More White Slaves Than Black Slaves in Colonial America", http://www.israelect.com/reference/Willie-Martin/WhiteSlaves.html

[88] "What Is The Forgotten Cause Of The Civil War?" [review of Tenzer's book, at bottom of page], http://www.multiracial.com/readers/tenzer.html

[89] "White Slaves" by Lawrence R. Tenzer, http://www.multiracial.com/readers/tenzer3.html

[90] "Youth's Companion: "White Slaves" (1865)", http://www.merrycoz.org/yc/WHSLAVES.HTM

[91] Lawrence R. Tenzer and A.D. Powell. "White Slavery, Maternal Descent, And The Politics Of Slavery In The Antebellum United States", http://www.multiracial.com/readers/tenzer5.html

[92] Michael A. Hoffman II. "The Forgotten Slaves: Whites in Servitude in Early America and Industrial Britain", http://www.hoffman-info.com/forgottenslaves.html

[93] Michael A. Hoffman II. "The Enslavement of Whites in Early America and Industrial Britain", http://www.hoffman-info.com/revisionist.html

[94] A Memoir of Robert Blincoe, An Orphan Boy, Sent from the Workhouse at St. Pancras, London at 7 Years of Age to Endure the Horrors of a Cotton Mill. J. Doherty, Manchester, 1832; cited in "The Enslavement of Whites in Early America and Industrial Britain" by Michael A. Hoffman II, http://www.hoffman-info.com/revisionist.html

[96] Christianity  Slavery and Labour, by Chapman Cohen [see 1150], (Third Edition Revised and Enlarged), Issued for the Secular Society, Limited, by the Pioneer Press, 61 Farringdon Street, E.C.4 London, 1931, p. 32-33; cited in: "Christianism - Addition 24", http://www.christianism.com/additions/24.html

[97] "The Other Side of Slavery", http://www.heretical.com/British/slavery.html (republished from Heritage and Identity, issue no. 1, published by the Heritage League)

[100] "The Project Gutenberg EBook of White Slaves, by Louis A Banks" (full text of book), http://www.gutenberg.net/dirs/etext04/wtslv10.txt

[101] Christianity, Slavery and Labour, by Chapman Cohen [see 1150], (Third Edition Revised and Enlarged), issued for the Secular Society, Limited, by the Pioneer Press, 61 Farringdon Street, E.C.4 London, 1931, p. 32-33; cited in: "Christianism - Addition 24", http://www.christianism.com/additions/24.html

[103] Juliet Gardiner & Neil Wenborn (editors). The History Today Companion to British History, Collins & Brown, London, 1995, p. 692.

[104] "Guilty parties" (from The Economist print edition, 23 Dec 1999), http://www.economist.com/diversions/millennium/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=347154

[105] Michael A. Hoffman II. "The Forgotten Slaves: Whites in Servitude in Early America and Industrial Britain", http://www.hoffman-info.com/forgottenslaves.html

[107] Michael A. Hoffman II. "The Forgotten Slaves: Whites in Servitude in Early America and Industrial Britain", http://www.hoffman-info.com/forgottenslaves.html





White Slaves, African Slave Traders, and the Hidden History of Slavery